tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24485535401255885292024-02-09T01:09:39.236+09:00My Thoughts about Selective MutismUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger5125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2448553540125588529.post-21415125664596688742014-02-25T17:43:00.004+09:002014-03-04T07:18:49.256+09:00Do children with selective mutism have fear of positive evaluation?Socially anxious individuals are afraid of negative evaluation like criticism, ridicule, contempt and disapproval. In fact, <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 6.448000431060791px;">Watson & </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 6.448000431060791px;">Friend.(1969) measured such anxiety using the Fear of Negative Evaluation(FNS) scale.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 6.448000431060791px;">Watson & </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 6.448000431060791px;">Friend.(1969) is as follows.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: 5.37333345413208px;"> </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 6.448000431060791px;">Watson, D., & Friend, R. (1969). Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 6.448000431060791px;"><em>Journal of Consulting & Clinical </em></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 6.448000431060791px;"><em>Psychology</em></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 6.448000431060791px;">, </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 6.448000431060791px;"><b>33</b></i><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 6.448000431060791px;">(4), 448. doi:10.1037/h0027806.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 6.448000431060791px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 6.448000431060791px;">Since </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 6.448000431060791px;">Watson & </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 6.448000431060791px;">Friend.(1969)</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, Many </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">researchers have studied the association between social anxiety and f</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 5.37333345413208px;">ear of negative evaluation. However, a </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">research team consisting of</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #403f3d; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', Arial, Verdana; text-align: justify;">Adult Anxiety Clinic of Temple University and </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #403f3d; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', Arial, Verdana; text-align: justify;">Department of Psychology in</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #403f3d; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', Arial, Verdana; text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #403f3d; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', Arial, Verdana; text-align: justify;">Washington University developed The Fear of Positive evaluation scale(FPES) to assess </span><span style="color: #403f3d; font-family: trebuchet ms, Arial, Verdana; text-align: justify;">fear of receiving praise in undergraduate students(Weeks et al., 2008). </span><br />
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<span style="color: #403f3d; font-family: trebuchet ms, Arial, Verdana;">Weeks et al.(2008) is as follows.</span></div>
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Weeks, J. W., Heimberg, R. G., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2008). The Fear of Positive Evaluation Scale: Assessing a proposed cognitive component of social anxiety. <em>Journal of Anxiety Disorders</em>, <b>22</b>(1), 44-55. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.08.002.<br />
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<span style="color: #403f3d; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', Arial, Verdana; text-align: justify;">Weeks et al.(2008) found the </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #403f3d; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', Arial, Verdana; text-align: justify;">FPES </span><span style="color: #403f3d; font-family: trebuchet ms, Arial, Verdana;">correlated positively with measures of</span><span style="color: #403f3d; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', Arial, Verdana; text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="color: #403f3d; font-family: trebuchet ms, Arial, Verdana;">social interaction anxiety and fear of negative evaluation. The results of their study show that fear of positive evaluation and fear of negative evaluation are separate constructs. Therefore, social anxiety may be related to not only fear of criticism but also fear of praise.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #403f3d; font-family: trebuchet ms, Arial, Verdana;">On the other hand, many children with selective mutism are socially anxious or have social anxiety disorder(also known as social phobia). A</span><span style="color: #403f3d; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', Arial, Verdana;">lthough not every selectively mute child has high level of social anxiety,</span><span style="color: #403f3d; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', Arial, Verdana;"> it is possible that they are afraid of positive evaluation. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #403f3d; font-family: trebuchet ms, Arial, Verdana;">However, there is no research surveying fear of positive evaluation as well as fear of negative evaluation possibly underlying selective mutism. All we need is study!</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2448553540125588529.post-38166561624857670342011-08-03T15:09:00.000+09:002014-03-01T15:49:47.654+09:00Behavioral Inhibiton and Selective MutismSome children are innately predisposed to react to novelty with worries and anxiety. They tend to avoid new situations, places, and people. Some infants move their limbs vigorously in stressful cognitive tasks. Many, but not all, infants with these characteristics tend to become <em>behavioral inhibition,</em> avoidant and anxious behavior to novelty, in his/her later live. Most important thing is that children with inhibited temperament will have social anxiety disorder and/or major depression or other psychiatric disorders as adolescent.<br />
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On the other hand, selective mutism is reckoned<em> </em>as<em> a childhood anxiety disorder,</em> although no conclusion has yet been drawn. But, given behavioral inhibition and selective mutism have childhood anxiety in common, I wonder whether selectively mute children is characterised by inhibited temperament or not. What percentage of children with selective mutism exhibit behavioral inhibition?Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2448553540125588529.post-87912028483735299392011-05-24T14:11:00.003+09:002014-03-01T15:53:42.993+09:00Selective Mutism Defined with DSM-Ⅳ-TR<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Century;">The Diagostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM) is widely used by many psychiatrists in the world to identify mental disorders. The first DSM, DSM-1, was published in 1952 and has been revised, resulting in the newest <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>DSM-</span></span><span style="font-family: "MS 明朝", "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Century; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Century; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ⅳ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Century;">-TR, the current(2011) version of the DSM.</span></span><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Century;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Selective mutism is defined with DSM-</span></span><span style="font-family: "MS 明朝", "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Century; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Century; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ⅳ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Century;">-TR as follows.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0mm 0mm 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "MS 明朝", "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Century; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Century; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">・</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Century;">Consistent failure to speak in specific social situations (in which there is an expectation for speaking, e.g., at school) despite speaking in other situations.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0mm 0mm 0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "MS 明朝", "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Century; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Century; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">・</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Century;">The disturbance interferes with educational or occupational achievement or with social communication.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0mm 0mm 0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "MS 明朝", "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Century; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Century; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">・</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Century;">The duration of the disturbance is at least 1 month (not limited to the first month of school).</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0mm 0mm 0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "MS 明朝", "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Century; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Century; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">・</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Century;">The failure to speak is not due to a lack of knowledge of, or comfort with, the spoken language is required in the social situation.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "MS 明朝", "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Century; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Century; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">・</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Century;">The disturbance is not better accounted for by a Communication Disorder (e.g., Stuttering) and does not occur exclusively during the course of a Pervasive Developmental Disorder, Schizophrenia, or other Psychotic Disorder.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "MS 明朝", "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Century; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Century; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Century;">Although the DSM</span></span><span style="font-family: "MS 明朝", "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Century; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Century; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ⅳ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Century;">-TR refers to selective mutism, there is no meaning if psychiatrists don't know that.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At least in Japan, I think, a few <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">pediatricians or psychiatrists note selective mutism conditions in spite of confronting children showing mute behaviors. They might think such children are just shy, timid, or subdued. So, the population of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mute children probably remains underestimated until the concept of selective mutism becomes widespread.<b></b></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0mm 0mm 0pt;"><br />
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</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2448553540125588529.post-89964826860399053472011-05-18T14:37:00.005+09:002011-08-05T15:30:00.077+09:00Privacy PolicyI use the Google Adsense advertisings here. These ads may contain Web beacons or cookies to gather your information certainly excluding that enable me to identify who you are. When it comes to cookies, by modifying your computer, you can turn them off .<br />
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I also use Google Analytics to gather information about visitors. However, these information don't include personal ones, such as visitor's names, addresses and so on.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2448553540125588529.post-83460184191878682822011-05-16T14:29:00.005+09:002014-03-01T15:53:42.990+09:00What is Selective Mutism?<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Century;"> Selective mutism is a childhood anxiety disorder characterized by an inability to talk in one or more social settings, such as school. The symptom usually emerges when children start to go to school although some cases are later induced. Perhaps this condition could lead to anxiety disorders when they grow up to adolescents or even adults. Anxiety disorders include social phobia(social anxiety disorder), obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and so on.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0mm 0mm 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0mm 0mm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Century;">Unfortunately, selective mutism is little known and understood in the world, causing disappointment among people with selective mutism and parents of children with it. Some adults are surprised to recognize it because their conditions at younger ages look <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the very same of description about selective mutism. Among those don't have the knowledge about it are psychotherapists, parents of children with potential mutism and preschool and school teachers. So, we don't have the knowledge of how many people with selective mutism don't know their conditions, I'm sure there are. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0